Modern endodontic surgery is microsurgical. The microscope, endoscope, ultrasonic tools, microinstruments allow much less trauma. Flaps reflection is less invasive, ostectomy and osteotomy is much smaller which improves healing and treatment outcome. Root resection is as big as possible and as much as needed to preserve the stability of teeth. Performing surgery without thorough knowledge of new advancements and concepts is below the standard of practice.
Key words: microscope, endoscope, haemostasis, flaps, isthmus
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