based on tracing the most important linguistic developments witnessed by the modern linguistic lesson around the world, which included the field of syntax and semantics, and transcended them to deliberativeness, highlighting the most important linguistic systems, and the efforts initiated by linguistics scholars represented in the transformation from structural linguistics to functional linguistics, and the latest The findings of contemporary linguistic studies.
First: structural linguistics:
Structuralism is a philosophical approach that is based mainly on the abstract form and the apparent image, and includes theories that deal with the formal aspect or the apparent form of the linguistic structure regardless of the function for which the language was found in itself or the function that these structures were formed to perform. It includes the linguistic theories that consider that natural languages are patterns An abstract whose structures can be studied in isolation from its function of communicating within societies' (1)
Based on this principle, some structural studies concerned the characteristics of the formal text on the basis that it is a system of abstract units and structures without paying attention to its semantic and pragmatic properties that interact significantly with the formal properties, and from these structural studies: European structural theory and American structural theory, we try here To dwell on some of what we are interested in from what the two theories dealt with after we have identified the most important pioneers.
Key words: developments, perspective, modern.
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