Abstract

Snakebite-induced morbidity and mortality are major health problems observed, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Therapy in remote areas remains a challenge due to the limited production of venom-specific antivenoms and poor accessibility. The development and use of effective recombinant nanobodies, synthetic peptides, small-molecule inhibitors, and oligonucleotides as antivenom therapies with increased specificity has been proposed to reduce these limitations to a certain extent. In addition, artificial intelligence tools integrated with genomic and proteomic advances have enabled the development of precise, region-specific antivenoms with improved efficacy. Rapid diagnostic kits, trained healthcare personnel, advanced drugs, synthetic antivenom, efficient supply chain, and precise treatment at local healthcare facilities are believed to be key factors in reducing the mortality from snake bites.

Key words: AI based drug design; Immunotherapy; Nanobodies; Oligonucleotides; Snakebite envenomation; Small inhibitor.