Abstract

Background: Depression is a condition which is characterized by an everlasting feeling of sadness and hopelessness and a lack of interest in activities has affected more than 300 million people in the world in2010. The burden of depression increases for people with chronic diseases. In the case of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the prevalence of depression is nearly double when compared with people without CVD. The presence of depression along with cardiovascular disease leads to poorer outcomes due to not sticking with treatment and bad lifestyle behavior. Objective: The objective of this study is to synthesize the evidence on: the prevalence of CVD and cardio metabolic risk factors, the bi directional mechanisms between depression and cardiac pathology, clinical consequences of outcomes due to under diagnosed depression, practical implications for integrated detection and management. Methods: For analyzing the already existing epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence about depression, heart disease, and cardiometabolic risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia) impact on comorbidity, mortality, and health behaviors were explored. Results: People with heart disease are about two times more likely to have depression than those without it. The presence of depression along with chronic medical conditions like CVD can make illnesses worse than they would otherwise be and can lead to death. This also increases non-compliance with therapy and is associated with increased smoking, lack of physical activity, and alcohol use. People with classic heart problems like diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol are much more likely to be depressed. Recent studies show how brain-heart circuitry can dysregulate mood and cardiac function. Even though there are treatments available for cardiac patients, many suffer from depression diagnosis remains difficult. Conclusion: Depression is widespread, it has serious consequences, and often goes unnoticed. Regular screening and timely diagnosis, along with integrated cardio-behavioral care, are critical to improving clinical outcomes and adherence, as well as differentiating pathological depression from normative illness-related emotion.

Key words: Depression, heart disease, comorbidity, cardiovascular risk factors, mental health.