Abstract

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) now account for 71% of global mortality, posing an escalating public health crisis, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where 80% of NCD deaths occur. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention modalities for major NCDs, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases, and highlights emerging frameworks that integrate additional conditions such as mental health, neurological disorders, and oral health. The growing burden of mental and neurological conditions, such as depression and dementia, contributes significantly to global disability, measured in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Key modifiable risk factors—tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful alcohol consumption—drive biological changes (e.g., raised blood pressure, obesity, dyslipidemia) that underpin the NCD burden. These shared risk factors often underlie a cascade of pathophysiological processes, including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuroendocrine dysfunction, which manifest across organ systems, linking traditionally separate NCD categories. Preventive strategies encompass health promotion, primary prevention, environmental legislation (e.g., smoke-free policies), screening programs, vaccination initiatives, and "best buy" interventions endorsed by WHO. The evolution from WHO's 4×4 to 6×6 NCD prevention frameworks underscore the need for inclusive, multi-level approaches. Integrating these evidence-based strategies across individual, community, national, and global levels is imperative to curb the NCD epidemic, promote health equity, and safeguard socioeconomic development, especially in LMICs. This integrated perspective is essential to address the full spectrum of NCDs and mitigate their combined impact on mortality and disability.

Key words: Prevention; Health promotion; Noncommunicable diseases; Chronic diseases; Low- and Middle-Income Countries; Mental Health; Disability