Abstract

Electron microscopy (EM) has transformed veterinary parasitology by offering extremely detailed views of parasites, their interaction with hosts, and their role in disease diagnosis. This detailed review explores the current use and future possibilities of two key types of EM—transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)—in the study of animal parasites. It highlights recent improvements in methods, including freezing techniques, 3D image building, and combining different imaging methods. The use of advanced tools like field emission guns, helium ion microscopes, and automated image processing has improved the ability to closely examine tiny organisms such as protozoa, worms, and insects. The review summarizes how EM is currently used to study these parasites, outlines common challenges, and looks at how the technology could help even more in future research and diagnosis in animal health.

Key words: Electron microscopy, Veterinary Parasitology, Ultrastructure, Transmission electron microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Parasite diagnosis