Abstract

This paper examines the universality of physical laws by questioning the immutability of fundamental constants such as the speed of light (c), Planck’s constant (ℏ), the gravitational constant (G), and the fine-structure constant (α). Traditionally regarded as fixed parameters underpinning modern physics, these constants may instead represent dynamic fields whose values vary across space and time. Such a hypothesis challenges the Principle of Universality, which assumes that physical laws remain invariant throughout the cosmos and across epochs. The study distinguishes between dimensional constants — conversion factors dependent on specific units —and dimensionless constants, which are unit-independent and therefore more fundamental. Particular attention is devoted to α, whose potential variation directly implies changes in the strength of electromagnetic interactions.
The paper reviews theoretical frameworks, including quantum electrodynamics, scalar-tensor theories like Jordan–Brans–Dicke, and Varying Speed of Light models, which already accommodate evolving constants to address unresolved cosmological problems. It also considers the profound consequences of varying constants for cosmology, stellar evolution, atomic stability, and the emergence of life. Observational tests, such as quasar spectra measurements and Big Bang nucleosynthesis constraints, have placed stringent limits on possible variations, yet the theoretical possibility remains compelling.
Ultimately, the analysis argues that if constants are dynamic, the universality of current laws is lost but replaced by deeper, truly universal “meta-laws” governing the evolution of these fields. This shift reframes scientific inquiry from measuring immutable numbers to uncovering the dynamics of reality itself, with implications for quantum gravity and unified theories of nature.

Key words: Universality; physical laws; speed of light (c), Planck’s constant (ℏ), the gravitational constant (G), and the fine-structure constant (α).