Abstract

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex anatomical structure whose functional integrity depends on the morphology of its osseous components. This study aimed to perform a detailed morphometric evaluation of the mandibular fossa and articular eminence using adult dry human skulls to better understand anatomical variability and its potential clinical relevance. A total of 18 TMJ regions from 9 adult dry skulls were analyzed bilaterally. Measurements included anteroposterior length, depth, and inclination angle of the articular eminence, as well as multiple inter-landmark linear distances between the mandibular fossa, eminence, porion, and postglenoid process. All measurements were performed using calibrated digital images via caliper and ImageJ software, and analyzed using descriptive and correlation statistics (SPSS 25.0). No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in any of the parameters examined (p > 0.05), supporting bilateral anatomical symmetry. The mean inclination angles of the articular eminence were 41.91° ± 1.10° (right) and 41.71° ± 2.64° (left), indicating a relatively steep eminence profile. Strong positive correlations were identified among several linear measurements, particularly those involving the articular eminence and its surrounding landmarks. This morphometric study underscores consistent anatomical relationships within the TMJ that can support surgical planning and prosthetic reconstruction. Moreover, the results highlight the value of individualized assessment in clinical practice. However, given the limited sample size, these findings should be regarded as preliminary and confirmed by future studies with larger datasets.

Key words: Temporomandibular joint, mandibular fossa, articular eminence morphology, temporomandibular joint biomechanics, morphometry