Abstract

Aim: This study examines the intensity and spatial distribution of thermal radiation emitted from bakery ovens in Lafia, Nigeria, and evaluates its implications for workers’ health and residential thermal comfort.
Method: Direct thermal measurements, spatial mapping, and structured health questionnaires were employed. Temperature data were collected from seven bakeries, incorporating both on-site and exposure readings, while Geographic Information System (GIS) interpolation techniques were used to identify hotspots.
Results: Recorded temperatures ranged from 36.23 °C to 36.84 °C, with a mean of 36.49 ± 0.23 °C. Hotspots were detected near Bakery C (E-three) and Bakery E (Al-Mubarak). All measured values exceeded the World Health Organization’s comfort range of 20 °C to 29 °C, affecting both bakery interiors and surrounding homes. Prolonged exposure was linked to reported heat stress and discomfort among workers and residents.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that excessive heat exposure in bakery environments, which poses health risks and decreases thermal comfort in nearby residential areas. To mitigate these effects, the study recommends improved ventilation, better building insulation, occupational safety strategies, and policy guidelines for siting bakeries within residential areas.

Key words: Thermal Radiation, Bakery Ovens, Health impact, Residential Comfort, Occupational heat exposure