Abstract

Background:
Malnutrition, particularly protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), remains a global health concern. Functional foods sourced from crops such as Glycine max and Brassica oleracea may offer sustainable solutions.

Aim:
This study evaluated the effects of G. max ethanol extract (EEG), Brassica oleracea methanol extract (MEB), and their combinations on bodyweight, hematologic status, and molecular outcomes in a rat model of malnutrition.

Methods:
Male Wistar rats were fed a low-protein diet for 14 days to induce PEM, followed by a 28-day oral treatment phase using EEG, MEB, or their combinations at graded doses. Bodyweight, hematological profiles, and serum iron levels were measured. Small intestine peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) gene expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity (IC50) of the extracts were also assessed.

Results:
All treatment groups showed improved weight gain, with the most significant effect observed in the highdose combination group. Hematological parameters remained stable, and serum iron levels increased in all treated rats. PEPT1 expression was significantly upregulated, especially in the MEB and combination groups. MEB exhibited higher phenolic and flavonoid content and stronger antioxidant activity (IC50 = 127.58 ppm), while EEG contained notable levels of saponins.

Conclusion:
EEG and MEB, individually or in combination, improved nutritional markers and enhanced nutrient transporter expression in malnourished rats. These results support their potential as functional food candidates for managing PEM.

Key words: Brassica oleracea; Extract; Glycine max; Malnutrition; PEPT1.