Abstract

The pharmaceutical industry plays a vital role in improving global health, yet its traditional manufacturing processes often involve hazardous reagents, non-renewable resources, and environmentally damaging waste. Green chemistry offers a transformative approach by promoting the design of safer, more sustainable synthesis methods without compromising drug quality or efficacy. This review explores recent advancements in green chemistry techniques applied to pharmaceutical synthesis, including solvent-free reactions, biocatalysis, microwave-assisted synthesis, and the use of renewable feedstocks. These innovations not only reduce the ecological footprint of drug production but also address key public health concerns, such as environmental pollution, occupational hazards, and the affordability of essential medicines.
By aligning pharmaceutical practices with the principles of green chemistry, manufacturers can minimize toxic emissions and lower production costs, ultimately making medicines more accessible, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, the reduction in harmful by-products contributes to cleaner water and air, directly improving environmental health outcomes. The review also discusses the role of regulatory bodies and international frameworks in promoting green manufacturing as a standard practice in the pharmaceutical sector. Overall, integrating green chemistry into pharmaceutical synthesis represents a strategic convergence of environmental sustainability and public health advancement. It supports a more resilient healthcare system by ensuring the long-term viability of medicine production while safeguarding both human and ecological well-being. This review highlights the need for continued research, policy support, and industry collaboration to fully realize the potential of green chemistry in shaping a healthier, more sustainable future.

Key words: Green Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Synthesis, Sustainable Drug Manufacturing, Environmental Health, Biocatalysis, Renewable Feedstocks, Public Health Sustainability