Abstract

The carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a key component of Mediterranean flora, recognized for its nutritional, pharmacological, and industrial relevance, and functional importance. This review provides a comparative analysis of the phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, and ethnomedicinal applications of Moroccan and other Mediterranean carob varieties. Carob is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. The phytochemical profile varies among Mediterranean regions, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Nutritionally, carob pods and seeds are abundant in carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and essential minerals, making them a sustainable and valuable source of nutrients. The high fiber content promotes gut health, while bioavailable minerals support essential physiological functions. The carob tree demonstrates remarkable adaptability to arid and semi-arid climates, assuming a pivotal ecological function in soil stabilization and the promotion of environmental sustainability. This review examines recent findings on the distinctive characteristics of Moroccan carob and its comparison with other Mediterranean varieties, highlighting gaps in current research and potential avenues for future investigations in food science, nutraceuticals, and pharmacology.

Key words: Ceratonia siliqua; Phytochemical profile; Ethnomedicinal uses; Pharmacological properties; nutrient composition; Mediterranean varieties