Abdominal surgical emergencies (ASEs), such as appendicitis, intestinal obstruction, perforated peptic ulcers, and abdominal trauma, pose significant global health challenges, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates. In Saudi Arabia, a comprehensive understanding of these conditions' epidemiological patterns, outcomes, and mortality rates is limited. This study systematically reviewed and analyzed data to provide insights into patient demographics, complications, and outcomes related to ASEs in Saudi Arabia following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for studies published in English reporting on ASEs in Saudi Arabia. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Random-effect models were used to calculate pooled prevalence estimates for gender distribution, complications, and mortality rates. Nine studies comprising 3,005 patients were included. A male predominance was observed, with a pooled prevalence of 69% (95% CI: 54%-83%). Mortality rates ranged from 0% in pediatric populations to 22.7% in high-risk groups, with a pooled rate of 2% (95% CI: 1%-5%). Surgical site infections (SSI) were reported in six studies, with a pooled prevalence of 10% (95% CI: 3%-21%). Other complications included sepsis, anastomotic leaks, and wound infections. Laparoscopic procedures were associated with fewer complications compared to open surgeries. Study quality ranged from moderate to high. This review highlighted significant variations in the epidemiology, outcomes, and complications of abdominal surgical emergencies in Saudi Arabia. While overall mortality was low, high-risk populations experienced worse outcomes. Standardized surgical protocols and improved perioperative practices are essential to reduce complications and enhance patient outcomes.
Key words: surgical emergencies, prevalence, emergency surgery outcomes, mortality rates, Systemic review.
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