Abstract

Nano-bioremediation, an emerging eco-friendly strategy that integrates nanotechnology and biological processes to mitigate the contamination of heavy metals from the environment. To explores synergistic interactions between plants and microorganisms, focusing on their potential role in enhancing nano-bioremediation are highly demandable. This study focuses several key mechanisms including biosorption, bioaccumulation, biomineralization, and enzymatic reduction, the coordination of microorganisms and plants in tolerating and transforming toxic heavy metals into less toxic forms. The potential role of microorganism-assisted nanomaterials, including nano-biosorbents and nano-catalysts in phyto- and eco-environments were updated. This review also highlights recent studies on the significance of plant-microbe systems and nanomaterials in heavy metal remediation, challenges such as microbial survival, scalability, and ecological impacts were addressed, alongside potential solutions. Finally, this critical review provides new insights into harnessing plant–microorganism interactions for nano-bioremediation, presenting an eco-friendly approach to address global heavy metal pollution, and it shows a sustainable way of clean environment.

Key words: Environmental sustainability; Microorganisms; Pollutant attenuation; Soil remediation; Toxicity