Abstract

ABSTRACT
The unsustainable reliance on chemical inputs in modern agriculture has precipitated critical environmental issues and soil degradation, posing a threat to long-term agricultural productivity. Addressing these challenges necessitates a shift towards sustainable, organic agricultural practices. Kunapajala, an ancient fermented liquid fertilizer rooted in Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK), offers a potent alternative. This bio-input is rich in beneficial microorganisms, plant growth hormones, enzymes, vitamins, and bio-pesticidal compounds, enhancing soil health and promoting robust plant development. Applied alone or with other organic or inorganic nutrients, Kunapajala has demonstrated efficacy in improving crop resilience against pests and diseases while supporting growth and yield. However, the scientific understanding of Kunapajala remains limited; critical gaps exist in its standardized preparation, application rates, nutrient profiling, and crop-specific responses. To bridge these gaps, comprehensive research trials across diverse crop types and agro-climatic zones are essential. Standardizing the formula through laboratory analysis will further enable evidence-based extension efforts, facilitating adoption among farmers. This research could pave the way for scalable, eco-friendly practices, supporting sustainable agriculture and improved productivity at a global scale.
Keywords: Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK), Kunapajala, Organic agriculture, Soil health management, Sustainable farming practices.

Key words: Keywords: Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK), Kunapajala, Organic agriculture, Soil health management, Sustainable farming practices.