Abstract

The field of avian pathology has experienced substantial advancements over the past few decades, primarily due to the integration of molecular diagnostics. This paper explores the transformative role of molecular diagnostic techniques in the detection, characterization, and management of avian diseases. The historical context of diagnostics in avian pathology was studied, tracing its evolution from conventional methods to the advent of molecular diagnostics. The paper highlights the technologies that have been central to this shift, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and CRISPR-based diagnostics. By comparing these methodologies with traditional diagnostic practices, we illuminate their advantages in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and speed. The discussion extends to the implications of molecular diagnostics on avian disease management, epidemiology, and conservation efforts, showcasing several case studies where these techniques have led to significant breakthroughs in disease control and prevention. Additionally, we address the challenges posed by rapid technological advancements, such as technical complexities and the need for standardisation. The paper concludes with a prospective view, examining emerging trends and future directions in the molecular diagnostics of avian diseases, emphasising the potential for personalised medicine and the integration of artificial intelligence. Through this comprehensive analysis, the review underscores the pivotal role of molecular diagnostics in revolutionising avian pathology, offering new horizons for research, clinical practice, and policy-making in avian health.

Key words: Avian pathology, Disease identification, Molecular diagnostics, Next-generation sequencing, Sensitivity, Specificity