Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of insomnia and identify its associated sociodemo graphic, clinical, occupational, and lifestyle factors among healthcare workers in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to September 2026 among 400 healthcare workers (HCWs) in Tabuk. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire including the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).
Results: The mean age was 36.14 ± 8.38 years. The prevalence of insomnia was 63.7%, with 39.3% sub-threshold, 20.5% moderate, and 4.0% severe. Factors significantly associated with the severity of insomnia were age (p-value = 0.007), marital status (p-value = 0.011), sedative use (p-value = 0.026), night shift (p-value < 0.001), frequent overtime (p-value = 0.043), high on-call frequency (p-value = 0.037), years of experience (p-value = 0.012), short sleep duration (p-value < 0.001), excessive screen time before sleep (p-value < 0.001), and high caffeine consumption (p-value = 0.040).
Conclusion: Insomnia was highly prevalent among HCWs in Tabuk. Modifiable occupational and lifestyle factors were identified, highlighting the urgent need for workplace interventions to improve sleep health and ensure patient safety.

Key words: Insomnia, healthcare workers, prevalence, associated factors, insomnia severity index (ISI), Saudi Arabia