Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of shoulder pain and shoulder-related disability among adults in the Jazan region and identify associated sociodemographic, occupational, and clinical factors.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 587 adults residing in the Jazan region. Participants completed a structured questionnaire that included sociodemographic characteristics and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI).
Results: The prevalence of shoulder pain was 66.1% (388/587). Participants with shoulder pain were signifi cantly older and had higher body mass index values than those without pain (both p < 0.05). In multivariable logistic regression, age [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.08, p < 0.001] and female gender (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.03-2.36, p = 0.036) were independent predictors of shoulder pain. Among pain-positive participants, the median SPADI total score was 32.1, with 38.1% classified as having min imal disability and 42.0% experiencing at least moderate disability. Higher SPADI scores were independently associated with older age (B = 0.67, p < 0.001), rural residence (B = 6.77, p < 0.001), history of shoulder injury (B = 10.91, p < 0.001), repetitive overhead movements (B = 6.06, p = 0.007), and healthcare-diagnosed shoulder conditions (B = 14.06, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Shoulder pain was highly prevalent among adults in the Jazan region and was associated with substantial disability in a significant proportion of affected individuals. Targeted prevention programs, ergo nomic interventions, and early clinical management are needed to reduce the burden of shoulder disorders and improve functional outcomes.

Key words: Shoulder pain, SPADI, disability, musculoskeletal disorders, prevalence, risk factors, Saudi Arabia, Jazan