Objective: To compare vitamin D status and inflammatory cytokine responses between pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normoglycemic controls.
Methodology: This case-control study enrolled 218 pregnant women (109 GDM cases, 109 normoglycemic controls) at 24-28 weeks of gestation using consecutive sampling. Exclusion criteria included pre-existing diabetes, hypertensive disorders, multiple gestation, and recent vitamin D supplementation. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured via ELISA, and IL-6 and TNF-α were quantified using multiplex immunoassays. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25, employing independent t-test and chi-square test at α=0.05.
Results: Vitamin D deficiency (
Key words: Vitamin D, TNF factor alpha, cytokines, CRP, pregnancy.
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