Abstract

The progression of various devastating metabolic syndromes like diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), obesity, etc., is due to the inappropriate lifestyle with respect to the consumption of high-fat and high glycemic index (GI) products. The epidemiological data revealed that the prevalence of metabolic disorders is increasing gradually and will create a global burden. According to reports, the global prevalence of MAFLD in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is between 50% and 75%, with 12.5%–87.5% in India. The culprit dietary components, which have a high GI (potatoes, rice, high-sugar beverages, candies and pastries, white bread, etc.), and high-fat diet products (trans fatty acids, sucrose, fructose, high cholesterol, etc.), act significantly in the pathogenesis underlying liver-related complications and further trigger the other secondary metabolic complications. These inappropriate dietary interventions lead to alteration of different pathways like fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways, etc., which directly trigger the other secondary pathways leading to diabetes-associated MAFLD and liver-related complications. There are numerous dietary interventions (Vitamin D-rich diet, soy isoflavones, ketogenic diet, unsaturated fatty acid diet, low-carbohydrate diet, green leafy vegetables, etc.), which may improve the various molecular pathways and help in normalizing the pathological state of liver-compromised subjects. In the present review, the new dietary interventions are discussed, which help in managing the diabetes-associated metabolic disorders.

Key words: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; diabetes; metabolic syndrome; diet; intervention; clinical evidences